2021

Background: Determining the optimal choice of a dose of medicine to meet the patient’s need is a complicated mathematical and statistical problem. Large between-subject variability in metabolic, excretion processes, and physiological systems involving drug effect, as well as complicated nonlinearities, are at the heart of the problem. This leads to nonlinear differential equations that need […]

Introduction. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune chronic inflammatory disease that is often classified according to the presence of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA) and/or rheumatoid factor (RF) into seropositive or seronegative RA. RF and/or ACPA can be found in up to 75% of RA patients, and seropositivity may indicate higher disease activity and poorer […]

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has resulted in a global pandemic that demands urgent abatement solutions. Remdesivir (RDV) has been used as a compassionate-use-drug for managing COVID-19 patients and approved by FDA, yet the clinical performances of RDV were controversial. In addition, pharmacokinetic data have not sufficiently collected from different age groups […]

Background: Predominantly antibody deficiency (PAD) is a rare and serious medical condition due to its likelihood to cause fatal infections. Affected patients require life-long immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IRT) and the adequacy is determined by the IgG trough at steady state in relation to clinical response. There is considerable interpatient variability in the pharmacokinetics (PK) of […]

Laplace approximation and its various approximations are some of the most commonly used techniques in pharmaceutical nonlinear mixed effects modelling to marginalise the the random effects. Classically, only Gaussian random effects have been used with transformations applied after the fact. In this work, the Laplace approximation framework is mathematically analysed showing the theoretical soundness of […]

Background: Ustekinumab is approved for the treatment of patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis. In the UNITI endoscopy sub-study, only 17.4% of patients on ustekinumab achieved endoscopic response and 10.9% of patients achieved endoscopic remission at week 44 (w44).1 Aims: We aimed to investigate if improved endoscopic outcomes could be achieved through dose optimization […]

The aim of this study is to achieve a reasonable and accurate dosage and reduce the risk of drug toxicity, using population modeling of Clopidogrel drug. In this study 132 cardiovascular patient undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) and receiving clopidogrel treatment were collected. For pharmacokinetics modeling, we use Monolix v4.3.3 software. Pharmacokinetic parameters in our […]

Introduction: Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are a leading cause of late-onset sepsis in young infants. Vancomycin is commonly used for the empirical treatment of CoNS. However, the therapeutic target for these bacteria is poorly defined and is currently extrapolated from data for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in adults and older children (1). Further understanding of the […]

Introduction Current clinical evidence supports area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) rather than trough concentrations as a more rational target for vancomycin therapy (1). In mid-2019 practice at Auckland District Health Board Hospitals transitioned from trough concentration to AUC guided dosing supported by Bayesian forecasting using the GAVamycin model implemented in NextDose (www.nextdose.org). To support […]