2025

Purpose: The pharmacokinetics of voriconazole have been studied across various populations but data specific to the Pakistani cancer population has not yet been reported. The aim of present study was to explore and identify covariates that affect pharmacokinetics of intravenous voriconazole in Pakistani cancer population.  Methods: The therapeutic drug monitoring data from January 1st, 2023 […]

Background Linezolid belongs to oxazolidinone class of antibiotics and is primarily used for the treatment of sever infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE). It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by blocking the formation of initiation complex in ribosomes. Linezolid is eliminated through both renal and hepatic routes. It is classified […]

Background Cardiac surgery induces metabolic and haemodynamic changes, often resulting in hyperlactatemia. Hyperlactatemia is a marker of adverse postoperative outcomes including organ dysfunction, prolonged mechanical ventilation, and increased mortality (1). The time-course of lactate concentration after cardiac surgery remains poorly understood, limiting the use of lactate as a prognostic biomarker or therapeutic target. The objective […]

Introduction: Real-world data (RWD) from electronic health records provide a rich source of information about patient trajectories and outcomes. Machine learning (ML) models can make use of these large datasets to identify significant features and patterns associated with drug effect or safety. However using clinical RWD in ML modelling can be challenging due to sparse, […]

Objectives: Compare two alternative approaches to parameter estimation using the first-order conditional estimation with interaction (FOCE-I) method in mixed-effect non-linear regression for efficiency and robustness. Methods: Typically, in the FOCE-I, finite difference (FD) is used to approximate the gradient. FD is a numerical approximation to the gradient, accomplished by calculating the objective function value at […]

Introduction: The rise of multidrug resistant malaria demands the urgent development of novel antimalarial compounds. For a drug to achieve registration and availability in the market, new treatments must undergo a series of rigorous evaluations, from preclinical studies in human volunteers experimentally infected with malaria, through to Phase 3 clinical trials in malaria patients. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic […]

Introduction:The selection of the “best” model typically involves both objective (numerical) and subjective criteria, such as interpretation of plots and consideration of biological plausibility. Multi Objective Optimization (MOO) allows for the simultaneous optimization of multiple criteria. This approach generates a Pareto front, representing a set of non-dominated models where no single solution can be improved […]

Introduction Polymeric long-acting injectables (LAIs) enhance chronic disease treatment by prolonging therapeutic duration, reducing dosing frequency, and improving patient compliance [1, 2]. Evaluating drug release kinetics—particularly burst release and sustained release—is critical for LAI quality assessment, yet traditional methods face limitations, necessitating predictive modeling [2]. Key challenges include functional data prediction and datasets constraints, which […]

Introduction: NextDose is a web based dosing tool (www.nextdose.org) that was developed at the University of Auckland (UoA) in 2012  (Holford et al., 2012). The tool provides a target concentration approach to dosing, currently for 17 medicines. The most frequently used are vancomycin, busulfan, gentamicin and warfarin. The tool is provided at no cost to the […]

Introduction: Pharmacometrics time-to-event (TTE) modelling complements therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in assessing drug efficacy and safety. In atrial fibrillation (AF) patients on rivaroxaban, heart failure (HF) is an independent predictor of bleeding. Given rivaroxaban’s high protein binding and hepatic metabolism, organ congestion in HF may influence drug disposition and anticoagulation outcomes. Objectives: This study aimed […]